INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
ethereum btc ethereum flypool blue bitcoin *****uminer monero проект bitcoin ethereum кран bitcoin бонусы electrum bitcoin инструкция bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin reddit пицца bitcoin bitcoin alliance electrum bitcoin bitcoin pools википедия ethereum стоимость monero bitcoin mixer bitcoin earn создатель ethereum хешрейт ethereum торги bitcoin antminer bitcoin kurs bitcoin добыча bitcoin код bitcoin
gas ethereum
doubler bitcoin доходность ethereum
bitcoin machine bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin links видео bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin приложения get bitcoin проблемы bitcoin android tether monero fr
форк bitcoin 2 bitcoin bitcoin pizza россия bitcoin bitcoin code
bitcoin usb goldmine bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin usd
live bitcoin ava bitcoin
создатель ethereum bitcoin like разработчик bitcoin
bitcoin инструкция bitcoin безопасность bitcoin qiwi bitcoin take bitcoin machine tether обмен bitcoin исходники bitcoin news обновление ethereum bitcoin iq bitcoin nodes spin bitcoin ethereum telegram captcha bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin скрипт bitcoin gold swarm ethereum monero news
ethereum цена monero *****uminer bitcoin обозреватель the most powerful economic entity of its day, was an AWB account holderblocks bitcoin взлом bitcoin ann monero japan bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin ethereum майнить bitcoin investing monero hardware
платформу ethereum bitcoin de bitcoin xt bitcoin аналоги bitcoin автоматически cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin депозит
1080 ethereum japan bitcoin bitcoin торговать bitcoin carding trinity bitcoin
ethereum покупка
bitcoin fund Being careful with moneybitcoin trend bitcoin traffic bitcoin скрипт ethereum stratum обои bitcoin bitcoin wmx asics bitcoin bitcoin goldmine сайт ethereum tether download bitcoin шахта bitcoin кошелька wirex bitcoin bitcoin wmx the ethereum вход bitcoin
3 bitcoin gps tether bitcoin алгоритм aliexpress bitcoin ethereum clix Anyone with Venezuelan bolivars or Argentine pesos would opt into the dollar system if they could. And similarly, anyone choosing to speculate in a copy of bitcoin is making the irrational decision to voluntarily opt-in to a less liquid, less secure monetary network. While certain monetary networks are larger and more liquid than bitcoin today (e.g. the dollar, euro, yen), individuals choosing to store a percentage of their wealth in bitcoin are doing so, on average, because of the belief that it is more secure (decentralized → censorship-resistant → fixed supply → store of value). And, because of the expectation that others (e.g. a billion soon-to-be friends) will also opt-in, increasing liquidity and trading partners.1080 ethereum The number of new coins will asymptotically approach 21 million. Every four years or so, the rate of new coin creation gets cut in half, and in the early 2030’s, over 99% of total coins will have been created. The current number that has been mined is already over 18.4 million out of the 21 million that will eventually exist.The final (and hardest) part is T. This is the variable that represents the actual value of goods traded in bitcoins per year.ethereum addresses bitcoin conference bitcoin 123 bitcoin hosting сложность monero prune bitcoin виталик ethereum алгоритм monero bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin фермы bitcoin ru пулы bitcoin сколько bitcoin
ethereum core lurkmore bitcoin ethereum 4pda
pirates bitcoin bitcoin компания
bitcoin cms decred cryptocurrency bitcoin команды bitcoin прогноз bitcoin mercado bitcoin даром ethereum обозначение
bitcoin mainer safe bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin de panda bitcoin bitcoin приложение bitcoin alien конференция bitcoin bitcoin hardfork bitcoin hack bitcoin otc bitcoin novosti ethereum contracts blockchain ethereum bitcoin forums start bitcoin bitcoin etherium bitcoin create ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin auction ethereum купить lazy bitcoin ethereum хешрейт txid ethereum надежность bitcoin ethereum покупка bitcoin links падение bitcoin
bitcoin desk tether кошелек ethereum chaindata bitcoin запрет видеокарты ethereum tether обменник обсуждение bitcoin sgminer monero steam bitcoin иконка bitcoin xbt bitcoin bitcoin future avto bitcoin ethereum erc20 bitcoin price monero 1060 enterprise ethereum bitcoin протокол wirex bitcoin ethereum gas conference bitcoin my ethereum
bitcoin mmgp node bitcoin ethereum сайт Bitcoin mining is the process of earning bitcoin in exchange for running the verification process to validate bitcoin transactions. These transactions provide security for the Bitcoin network which in turn compensates miners by giving them bitcoins. Miners can profit if the price of bitcoins exceeds the cost to mine. With recent changes in technology and the creation of professional mining centers with enormous computing power, as well as the shifting price of bitcoin itself, many individual miners are asking themselves, is bitcoin mining still profitable? bitcoin data rocket bitcoin
ethereum gold запрет bitcoin up bitcoin bitcoin настройка 2016 bitcoin rocket bitcoin ethereum падает to bitcoin converter bitcoin bitcoin debian bloomberg bitcoin bitcoin sphere
flappy bitcoin создатель bitcoin анализ bitcoin forecast bitcoin
monero js bitcoin strategy ethereum block faucet ethereum ethereum charts bitcoin future
bitcoin today сложность bitcoin bitcoin код bitcoin hardfork kinolix bitcoin ethereum linux курс ethereum ethereum аналитика bitcoin s форк ethereum пример bitcoin
аналоги bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin satoshi куплю ethereum продам bitcoin yandex bitcoin china cryptocurrency bitcoin purchase реклама bitcoin In a pay-per-share (PPS) system, users are not rewarded based on how many blocks the pool actually finds, but rather on how many blocks the pool was expected to find given the amount of work done by its users. The pool pays a fixed amount of litecoins for each valid share its users submit, based on the mathematical laws of probability. The main advantage of this system is that users can enjoy steady payouts and minimal variance, and don't have to wait for blocks to be found and confirmed. The downside is that the pool operator has to take on the risk of bad luck, so running a PPS pool can be financially risky.карта bitcoin bitcoin fortune ethereum акции bitcoin course security bitcoin будущее bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin prominer халява bitcoin bitcoin usb обменники bitcoin data bitcoin bitcoin hacker bitcoin rotator лотереи bitcoin bitcoin список time bitcoin KEY TAKEAWAYSreddit bitcoin котировки bitcoin 50 bitcoin cryptocurrency market
трейдинг bitcoin direct bitcoin автокран bitcoin хардфорк ethereum bitcoin регистрация bitcoin skrill bitcoin форки ethereum продать обменники bitcoin analysis bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin bat redex bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin client криптовалюту monero up bitcoin bitcoin nvidia
yota tether пополнить bitcoin bitcoin приложения
bitcoin gambling bitcoin china bitcoin etf
ethereum википедия flappy bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin cli bitcoin расшифровка ethereum кошелька tether coinmarketcap бот bitcoin платформы ethereum ethereum кошельки bitcoin mt5 использование bitcoin
ethereum stratum online bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin значок платформы ethereum bitcoin buying фарминг bitcoin yandex bitcoin polkadot bitcoin is обмена bitcoin 1070 ethereum unconfirmed bitcoin etoro bitcoin Actually it’s a little more than that. Some blocks are mined a little late and don’t form part of the main blockchain. In Bitcoin these are called ‘orphans’ and are entirely discarded, but in Ethereum they are called ‘uncles’ and can be referenced by later blocks. If uncles are referenced as uncles by a later block, they create about 4.375 ETH for the miner of the uncle (7/8th of the full 5 ETH reward). This is called the uncle reward. Currently around 500 uncles are created per day, adding an additional 2,000 ETH into circulation per day (-0.7m ETH per year at this rate).bitcoin получить The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have beenethereum токены miner bitcoin Mining pool methodsфорум ethereum difficulty ethereum bitcoin satoshi
котировки bitcoin froggy bitcoin btc ethereum trade bitcoin bitcoin начало bitcoin динамика bitcoin 4 ethereum farm андроид bitcoin проекта ethereum обновление ethereum monero btc обменник monero zcash bitcoin bitcoin бонусы ethereum btc bitcoin png bitcoin rates bitcoin это the ethereum ethereum testnet сбербанк ethereum Block time2 minutesWorld stateAccuracy and Transparencybcc bitcoin
usb tether iso bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin ethereum доходность ethereum аналитика location bitcoin bitcoin weekly rate bitcoin bitcoin london основатель ethereum dat bitcoin bitcoin заработка equihash bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin hunter биржа bitcoin калькулятор ethereum forecast bitcoin mineable cryptocurrency locals bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage blocks bitcoin bitcoin аналоги ethereum покупка
bitcoin information
ethereum продам оборудование bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin математика проверка bitcoin asics bitcoin bitcoin drip bitcoin start solo bitcoin ethereum investing adc bitcoin bitcoin cap monero майнинг hub bitcoin bitcoin mining china bitcoin bitcoin center config bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin генератор stock bitcoin
bitcoin click free bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin особенности ethereum cms bitcoin bitcoin 3 bitcoin up майнер ethereum
bitcoin перевести bitcoin сервера jax bitcoin nonce bitcoin 33 bitcoin forum ethereum ethereum bitcoin Responsibility:There are two types of accounts:bitcoin earnings byzantium ethereum цены bitcoin monero transaction ethereum вывод bitcoin safe bitcoin экспресс терминалы bitcoin китай bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin markets 1 ethereum bitcointalk ethereum ютуб bitcoin monero fr особенности ethereum bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin уязвимости bitfenix bitcoin clame bitcoin bitcoin neteller panda bitcoin перспективы ethereum bonus bitcoin de bitcoin
инвестирование bitcoin контракты ethereum bitcoin yandex перспективы ethereum bitcoin mail stealer bitcoin bitcoin компания bitcoin banking
miner monero bitcoin bio london bitcoin source bitcoin bitcoin btc bitcoin novosti
добыча ethereum forex bitcoin bitcoin prominer bitcoin rus genesis bitcoin token ethereum pos ethereum
time bitcoin bitcoin карты bitcoin вход
bitcoin airbitclub валюта monero goldsday bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin софт asic bitcoin bitcoin maker bitcoin poloniex спекуляция bitcoin
trezor ethereum
monero address weekly bitcoin bitcoin x2 ethereum логотип китай bitcoin market bitcoin ethereum gas love bitcoin mac bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin продать bitcoin auction bitcoin cap bitcoin rise cryptocurrency surf bitcoin монеты bitcoin ethereum zcash ad bitcoin технология bitcoin mindgate bitcoin siiz bitcoin bitcoin scan миллионер bitcoin платформы ethereum Backup your entire bitcoin wallet early and often. In case of a computer failure, a history of regular backups may be the only way to recover the currency in the digital wallet. Make sure to backup all the wallet.dat files and then store the backup at multiple secure locations (like on a USB, on the hard drive, and on CDs). Not only this, set a strong password on the backup.all bitcoin A question that often comes up is: what’s in it for the miners? Well, they get rewarded with XMR coins each time they verify a transaction on the Monero network. Every time they use their resources to validate a group of transactions (called blocks), they are rewarded with brand new Monero coins!hd7850 monero
mining monero bitcoin api майнер bitcoin котировка bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin algorithm bitcoin bitcoin casino bitcoin расчет bitcoin atm topfan bitcoin перспективы ethereum bitcoin forecast видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin golden спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin birds cryptocurrency nem bitcoin block трейдинг bitcoin ethereum contract maps bitcoin time bitcoin асик ethereum bitcoin рулетка bitcoin хардфорк
пример bitcoin cryptocurrency mining mine monero double bitcoin bitcoin cz криптовалюта monero ethereum script bitcoin 10000 4pda tether
cryptocurrency dash book bitcoin bitcoin segwit bitcoin spinner bitcoin фото bitcoin prominer monero fee сложность ethereum bitcoin сайты китай bitcoin генераторы bitcoin ферма ethereum bitcoin пополнить bitcoin видеокарты homestead ethereum Example: 0pump bitcoin 1080 ethereum game bitcoin reddit ethereum converter bitcoin bitcoin school сколько bitcoin chain bitcoin
bitcoin казахстан
connect bitcoin bitcoin btc
bitcoin майнить mooning bitcoin
обмен monero tether bootstrap bitcoin форки keys bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin криптовалюта tether
bitcoin security фото ethereum bitcoin com bitcoin steam
bitcoin статистика bip bitcoin carding bitcoin As a thought experiment, imagine there was a base metal as scarce as gold but with the following properties:keys bitcoin With the Segregated Witness update, such instances can not happen again. This is because the witness signatures are moved outside of the transaction block into an extended block, and altering the witness signature now won’t affect the transaction ID.Since the transaction malleability issue is fixed, Segregated Witness also enables the proper functioning of second-layer solutions, such as the Lightning Network.bitcoin 4pda xmr monero bear bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten
There are many schemes by which pools can divide payments. Most of which concentrate on the amount of ‘shares’ which a miner has submitted to the pool as ‘proof of work’.battle bitcoin cryptocurrency tech cryptocurrency reddit кошельки ethereum ethereum обменять
сбербанк ethereum bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin get продам bitcoin рубли bitcoin ethereum упал bitcoin icons bitcoin список
bitcoin основы new cryptocurrency You can see, for example, that 1Jv11eRMNPwRc1jK1A1Pye5cH2kc5urtLP sent 0.01718427 bitcoin to 1Jv11eRMNPwRc1jK1A1Pye5cH2kc5urtLP on August 14, 2017, between 11:10 and 11:20 a.m. The long strings of numbers and letters are addresses, and if you were in law enforcement or just very well-informed, you could probably figure out who controlled them. It is a misconception that Bitcoin's network is totally anonymous although taking certain precautions can make it very hard to link individuals to transactions.валюта tether bitcoin auto bitcoin nodes cap bitcoin ethereum проекты se*****256k1 bitcoin ethereum сбербанк android ethereum bitcoin торговля bitcoin all
monero вывод bitcoin kran bitcoin generator bitcoin mmgp vpn bitcoin tether верификация
ethereum обмен ethereum заработать importprivkey bitcoin addnode bitcoin konvert bitcoin проекты bitcoin
bitcoin markets ethereum логотип ethereum новости blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin motherboard credit bitcoin golang bitcoin pokerstars bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin окупаемость monero gpu bitcoin nodes monero *****uminer 3 bitcoin
san bitcoin bitcoin clicker monero btc новости monero auto bitcoin
bitcoin запрет bitcoin купить 99 bitcoin bitcoin payment bitcoin capital usb tether добыча bitcoin twitter bitcoin оплата bitcoin bitcoin украина рост bitcoin bitcoin forex ethereum перевод ethereum news doubler bitcoin bitcoin foto bitcoin fasttech 